Cytokines

EmbryoGen® and BlastGen™ were the first sequential media commercially available to contain the cytokine, Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF).

In this article, Steven Fleming PhD, our Director of Embryology discusses the nature of GM-CSF, the rationale for using it and its clinical benefits. 

What exactly is GM-CSF?

As its name suggests, GM-CSF is a classical lymphohaematopoietic cytokine that is known to be a mediator of cell proliferation and differentiation in hematopoietic tissues.1

Cytokines are potent cell-secreted intercellular signaling proteins that may have an autocrine, paracrine or endocrine effect at nanomolar to picomolar concentrations, binding to specific cell membrane receptors to activate intracellular signaling pathways.

GM-CSF is one of a family of pleiotropic cytokines also believed to be involved in the regulation of diverse reproductive functions including gamete maturation, ovulation, embryogenesis, implantation, pregnancy, and parturition.2

The rationale for adding GM-CSF to culture media

To validate the rationale for adding GM-CSF to culture media, it is necessary to demonstrate its secretion into the reproductive tract.  Also, it is necessary to demonstrate the presence of GM-CSF receptors on embryos and the dependence of embryo development and viability upon GM-CSF.

In this respect, GM-CSF has been shown to be produced and secreted from the human oviductal and endometrial epithelium.3,4  Levels of GM-CSF reach a peak during the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle4,5, which coincides with the time of conception and implantation.

The GM-CSF receptor is a dimer comprised of a cytokine-specific alpha subunit (GM-Rα) and a signal transducing beta subunit (βc), βc forming a high-affinity complex with ligand-coupled GM-Rα.6 However, GM-Rα can also act alone, for example, to mediate the effect of GM-CSF on glucose transport via a kinase-independent pathway.7 Indeed, GM-CSF has been shown to promote glucose transport in the embryo, which expresses the GM-Rα receptor throughout preimplantation development.8,9

blast_start_hatch_Flat

A beneficial role of GM-CSF during embryogenesis was first demonstrated 20 years ago in the cow.10

In a knock-out mouse model, GM-CSF was shown to be obligatory for normal embryo development, implantation, and fetal viability.11

Furthermore, the addition of recombinant human GM-CSF (rhGM-CSF) to culture media enhances human blastocyst development and viability.9,12

The clinical benefit of EmbryoGen/BlastGen

A large multi-center randomized controlled trial (RCT) of rhGM-CSF addition to culture media demonstrated improved ongoing implantation, clinical pregnancy, and live birth rates, particularly in women who had suffered a previous miscarriage.13

Also, in women experiencing repeated implantation failure (RIF) EmbryoGen was shown to increase the implantation and ongoing clinical pregnancy rate.14

Possible modes of action of GM-CSF

An early study, with autologous endometrial co-culture of embryos from women with RIF, demonstrated a significant positive correlation between clinical pregnancy rate and the level of GM-CSF secreted by the endometrial cells.15

The embryotrophic effect of GM-CSF suggested by this study correlates well with clinical benefits experienced after embryo culture in EmbryoGen and BlastGen.

In addition, GM-CSF is able to upregulate its own expression within the endometrium, suggesting that it also has an autocrine effect16 (Figure 1).

Figure 1: Embryo-maternal dialogue during conception and implantation

Interestingly, it has been reported that women suffering unexplained recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) have markedly reduced levels of GM-CSF in their systemic circulation during the first and second trimesters of pregnancy.17

Although embryonic aneuploidy rates are higher in women experiencing RPL18, aneuploidy alone cannot explain its occurrence in all cases. Therefore, it is likely that RPL occurs in a significant proportion of women due to alternative factors of embryonic and/or endometrial origin.

Since embryos exposed to EmbryoGen/BlastGen have shown increased implantation, pregnancy and live birth rates in women with RPL and RIF, it is probable that GM-CSF is acting as a growth and survival factor.  Subsequently, it may be altering the metabolism of the embryo in such a way that it is able to appropriately signal to the maternal endometrium that it is viable and, consequently, the pregnancy is sustained.

Hence, it would appear that the embryos of some couples struggle to remain viable under routine culture conditions but may be rescued when cultured in EmbryoGen/BlastGen.

Is EmbryoGen/BlastGen safe to use?

To date, there are no reports of any adverse events following transfer and live birth after use of EmbryoGen and BlastGen. In addition, GM-CSF has been found to have no negative impact on rates of aneuploidy or mosaicism in embryos.19,20 Since it occurs naturally within the reproductive tract, it is unlikely that it should have any deleterious effect either upon the embryo or within the uterus.

  1. Clark, SC. & Kamen, R. (1987) The human haematopoietic colony stimulating factors. Science, 236, 1229-1237.
  2. Ostanin, AA., Aizikovich, BI., Aizikovich, IV. et al. (2007) Role of cytokines in the regulation of reproductive function. Bull Exp Biol Med, 143, 75-79.
  3. Zhao, Y. & Chegini, N. (1994) Human fallopian tube expresses granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and GM-CSF alpha and beta receptors and contain immunoreactive GM-CSF protein. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 79, 662-665.
  4. Giacomini G., Tabibzadeh, SS., Satyaswaroop, PG. et al. (1995) Epithelial cells are the major source of biologically active granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor in human endometrium.
  5. Zhao, Y. & Chegini, M (1999) The expression of granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and receptors in human endometrium. Am J Reprod Immunol, 42, 303-311.
  6. Bagley, CJ., Woodcock, JM., Stomski, FC. et al. (1997) The structural and functional basis of cytokine receptor activation: lessons from the common beta subunit of the granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, interleukin 3 (IL-3) and IL-5 receptors. Blood, 89, 1471-1482.
  7. Ding, DX., Rivas, CI., Heaney, ML. et al. (1994) The alpha subunit of the human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor signals for glucose transport via a phosphorylation-independent pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 91, 2537-2541.
  8. Robertson, SA., Sjoblom, C., Jasper, MJ. et al. (2001) Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor promotes glucose transport and blastomere viability in murine preimplantation embryos. Biol Reprod, 64, 1206-1215.
  9. Sjoblom, C., Wikland, M. & Robertson, SA. (2002) Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) acts independently of the beta common subunit of the GM-CSF receptor to prevent inner cell mass apoptosis in human embryos. Biol Reprod, 67, 1817-1823.
  10. de Moraes, AAS. & Hansen, PJ. (1997) Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor promotes development of in vitro produced bovine embryos. Biol Reprod, 57, 1060-1065.
  11. Robertson, SA., Roberts, CT., Farr, KL. et al. (1999) Fertility impairment in granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor-deficient mice. Biol Reprod, 60, 251-261.
  12. Sjoblom, C., Wikland, M. & Robertson, SA. (1999) Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor promotes human blastocyst development in vitro. Hum Reprod, 14, 3069-3076.
  13. Ziebe, S., Loft, A., Povlsen, BB. et al. (2013) A randomized clinical trial to evaluate the effect of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in embryo culture medium for in vitro fertilization. Fertil Steril, 99, 1600-1609.
  14. Tevkin, S., Lokshin, V., Shishimorova, M. et al. (2014) The frequency of clinical pregnancy and implantation rate after cultivation of embryos in a medium with granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in patients with preceding failed attempts of ART. Gynecol Endocrinol, 30:sup1, 9-12.
  15. Spandorfer, SD., Barmat, LI., Liu, H-C. et al. (1998) Granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor production by autologous endometrial co-culture is associated with outcome for in vitro fertilization patients with a history of multiple implantation failures. Am J Reprod Immunol, 40, 377-381.
  16. Chegini, N., Tang, X-M. & Dou, Q. (1999) The expression, activity and regulation of granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor in human endometrial epithelial and stromal cells. Mol Hum Reprod, 5, 459-466.
  17. Perricone, R., De Carolis, C., Giacomelli, R. et al. (2003) GM-CSF and pregnancy: evidence of significantly reduced blood concentrations in unexplained recurrent abortion efficiently reverted by intravenous immunoglobulin treatment. Am J Reprod Immunol, 50, 232-237.
  18. Simon, C., Rubio, C., Vidal, F. et al. (1998) Increased chromosome abnormalities in human preimplantation embryos after in-vitro fertilization in patients with recurrent miscarriage. Reprod Fertil Dev, 10, 87-92.
  19. Agerholm, I., Loft, A., Hald, F. et al. (2010) Culture of human oocytes with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor has no effect on embryonic chromosomal constitution. Reprod Biomed Online, 20, 477-484.
  20. Elaimi, A., Gardner, K., Kistnareddy, K. et al. (2012) The effect of GM-CSF on development and aneuploidy in murine blastocysts. Hum Reprod, 27, 1590-1595.

Further Reading: Expert Article

Professor Sarah Robertson PhD, Director of the Robinson Research Institute at the University of Adelaide, Australia, has written an article GM-CSF in IVF Embryo Culture in the November/December edition of our scientific newsletter – ART Scientific.

To read the article – Subscribe Here

ART Scientific is a quarterly publication that explores current topics of interest in our industry.  It is written by a community of experts in the field and has a science focus at its heart.

Stephen Fleming CooperSurgical Fertility Training labsSteven Fleming PhD is an Honorary Associate at the University of Sydney and Director of Embryology for ORIGIO. Previously, he was the founding Scientific Director of Assisted Conception Australia, and a Senior Fellow at the University of Queensland.

After completing his doctorate in 1987, he undertook postdoctoral research at the Royal North Shore Hospital in Sydney, and from 1993-1997 he was appointed Lecturer in Obstetrics and Gynaecology at the University of Nottingham in England, where he established the world’s first Master’s degree in Assisted Reproduction Technology with Simon Fishel PhD.

From 1998-2008 Steven was the Scientific Director of Westmead Fertility Centre in Sydney and appointed Senior Lecturer in Obstetrics and Gynecology at the University of Sydney. He is the recipient of numerous research grants, and an author and editor of several books, book chapters and peer reviewed journal articles. Steven’s research interests include cryopreservation, endometrial physiology, endometriosis and oocyte maturation, among others.